Innovation Management Journal

Innovation Management Journal

Unpacking the Factors and Components of Knowledge Integration in Decentralized R&D Management: A Qualitative Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Technology Management, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Industrial Management, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
3 Department of Economics, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Organizations that disperse their research and development (R&D) activities across geographic and functional boundaries must integrate specialized, distributed knowledge. However, the extant research on this challenge remains conceptually fragmented. To develop an integrated, multilayered model of knowledge integration in decentralized R&D management, we synthesized this literature. Using a meta-synthesis method following Sandelowski and Barroso’s seven-step approach, we examined 4437 studies published between 2000 and 2025, narrowed the pool to 241, and purposively selected 70 on the basis of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Through content analysis and synthesis employing open, axial, and selective coding, we identified a total of 331 open codes and 34 axial codes for systematic analysis.
The analysis conceptualizes knowledge integration as a dynamic capability activated by four clusters of interdependent mechanisms: cognitive transformation (translation, interpretation), relational coordination (trust, social exchange), structural networking (boundary spanning, digital platforms), and system-level leadership (governance design, contextual orchestration). Aligning these mechanisms with five contextual domains—innovation space, geographic dispersion, organizational complexity, interorganizational network configuration, and the tacitness of knowledge—mitigates barriers arising from hierarchy, dispersion, and cognitive heterogeneity. The model shows that multinational and cross-functional R&D units can achieve radical innovation by purposively recombining dispersed expertise, and it clarifies pathways for theory development at the individual, team, organizational, and ecosystem levels.
Keywords

برومند کاخکی، احمد، رادنژاد، نیلوفر، اخوان، امیر ناصر و مستوفی، محمدجواد(1397). الگویی برای توسعه آینده بنیان مدیریت دانش؛ موردپژوهی در شرکت ملی صنایع پتروشیمی. مدیریت نوآوری، 142-113.
https://www.nowavari.ir/article_88489.html.
صارمی‌نیا، صبا، مشبکی، اصغر و دلاوری، وحید(1392). طراحی و ارزیابی الگوی مفهومی تدوین راهبرد داستان‌سرایی جهت مدیریت دانش. مدیریت نوآوری. 148-125. https://www.nowavari.ir/article_14642.html.
وزیری گودرزی، احسان، و موحدی صبحانی، فرزاد(1393). ارائه یک مدل مفهومی برای اثربخش نمودن واسط دانشی در فرایند اشتراک دانش. مدیریت نوآوری. 120-101. https://www.nowavari.ir/article_14734.html.
Acharya, C., Ojha, D., Gokhale, R., & Patel, P(2022). Managing information for innovation using knowledge integration capability: The role of boundary spanning objects. Int. J. Inf. Manag., 62, 102438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102438.
Allen, J., James, A.D. and Gamlen, P(2007). Formal versus informal knowledge networks in R&D: a case study using social network analysis. R&D Management, 37: 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2007.00468.x
Allen, T(2018). Organizational structure, information technology, and R&D productivity. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, EM-33, 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.1986.6447681.
Anand, A., Muskat, B., Creed, A., Zutshi, A., & Csepregi, A(2021). Knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer and SMEs: evolution, antecedents, outcomes and directions. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2020-0372.
Andreu, R., & Sieber, S(2005). Knowledge integration across organizations: How different types of knowledge suggest different ‘integration trajectories’. Knowledge and Process Management, 12(3), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.232
Bao, Z., & Wang, C(2022). A multi-agent knowledge integration process for enterprise management innovation from the perspective of neural network. Inf. Process. Manag., 59, 102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102873.
Beck, R., Rai, A., Fischbach, K., & Keil, M(2015). Untangling knowledge creation and knowledge integration in enterprise wikis. Journal of Business Economics, 85, 389 - 420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-014-0760-2.
Biggiero, L(….). The Location of Multinationals in Industrial Districts: Knowledge Transfer in Biomedicals. The Journal of Technology Transfer 27, 111–122 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013156822541
Binz-Scharf, Maria Christina, Bureaucratic Networks or Networked Bureaucracies? Knowledge Sharing in ICT-Enabled Innovation Projects (October 1, 2003). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2503998 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2503998
Boh, W. F(2007). Mechanisms for sharing knowledge in project-based organizations. Information and Organization, 17(1), 27-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2006.10.001
Boiko, K(2021). R&D activity and firm performance: mapping the field. Management Review Quarterly, 72, 1051 - 1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00220-1.
Bruno Fischer, Maribel Guerrero, José Guimón, Paola Rücker Schaeffer; Knowledge transfer for frugal innovation: where do entrepreneurial universities stand?. Journal of Knowledge Management 8 March 2021; 25 (2): 360–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2020-0040
Byosiere, P., Luethge, D. J., Vas, A., & Paz Salmador, M(2010). Diffusion of organisational innovation: knowledge transfer through social networks. International Journal of Technology Management, 49(4), 401-420.
Caccamo, M., Pittino, D., & Tell, F(2022). Boundary objects, knowledge integration, and innovation management: A systematic review of the literature. Technovation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102645.
Caccamo, M., Pittino, D., & Tell, F(2022). Boundary objects, knowledge integration, and innovation management: A systematic review of the literature. Technovation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102645.
Cantwell, John A., Blurred Boundaries between Firms, and New Boundaries within (Large Multinational) Firms: The Impact of Decentralized Networks for Innovation (February 28, 2013). Seoul Journal of Economics 26 (No. 1 2013): 1-32, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2228981
Chen, M., Mi, X., Xue, J., Li, Y., & Shi, J(2023). The impact of entrepreneurial team psychological capital on innovation performance: The mediating role of knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133270.
Chi, M., Muhammad, S., Khan, Z., Ali, S., & Li, R(2021). Is centralization killing innovation? The success story of technological innovation in fiscally decentralized countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.120731.
Chin, T., Shi, Y., Shen, G., Usai, A., & Mirko, C(2024). Employee Psychological Resources as a Microfoundation for Organizational Knowledge Creation Across Cultures: A Yin–Yang Dialectical Systems View. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 12815-12825. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2023.3282638.
Coad, A., Segarra‐Blasco, A., & Teruel, M(2020). A bit of basic, a bit of applied? R&D strategies and firm performance. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1758 - 1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-020-09826-1.
Consoli, D., & Patrucco, P. P(n.d.). Distributed innovation and the governance of knowledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242145003
Cui, R., Wang, J., Xue, Y., & Liang, H(2020). Interorganizational learning, green knowledge integration capability and green innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-11-2019-0325.
D. Smite, N. B. Moe, G(…….). Levinta and M. Floryan, "Spotify Guilds: How to Succeed With Knowledge Sharing in Large-Scale Agile Organizations," in IEEE Software, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 51-57, March-April 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2886178.
Edward J. Malecki(2011). "Connecting local entrepreneurial ecosystems to global innovation networks: open innovation, double networks and knowledge integration," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 14(1), pages 36-59.
Eklund, J(2022). The Knowledge‐Incentive Tradeoff: Understanding the Relationship between Research and Development Decentralization and Innovation. Strategic Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3416.
Ensign, P. C., & Hébert, L(2009). Competing explanations for knowledge exchange: Technology sharing within the globally dispersed R&D of the multinational enterprise. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 20(1), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2009.02.004
Erkelens, R., van den Hooff, B., Vlaar, P., Huysman, M(2010). Knowledge Integration in Global R&D Networks. In: Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J. (eds) Global Sourcing of Information Technology and Business Processes. Global Sourcing 2010. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 55. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15417-1_6
Faccin, K., Balestrin, A., Martins, B., & Bitencourt, C(2019). Knowledge-based dynamic capabilities: a joint R&D project in the French semiconductor industry. J. Knowl. Manag., 23, 439-465. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2018-0233.
Garardine DeSanctis, Jeffrey T. Glass, & Ingrid Morris Ensing(2002). Organizational Designs for R&D. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 16(3), 55–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4165868
Gassmann, O. and Gaso, B(2004), Insourcing Creativity with Listening Posts in Decentralized Firms. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13: 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2004.00289.x
Gassmann, O., & von Zedtwitz, M(2003). Trends and determinants of managing virtual R&D teams. R&D Management, 33(3), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00296
Gerybadze, A(2004). Knowledge Management, Cognitive Coherence, and Equivocality in Distributed Innovation Processes in MNCs. In: Macharzina, K., Oesterle, MJ., Wolf, J. (eds) Management International Review. mir Special Issue. Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91001-1_6
Gomes, J. F. S., Hurmelinna, P., & Olander, H(2014). HR practices, knowledge sharing and protection activities, and performance — A moderation model. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(5). https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919613400227
Goswami, A., & Agrawal, R(2022). It's a knowledge centric world! Does ethical leadership promote knowledge sharing and knowledge creation? Psychological capital as mediator and shared goals as moderator. J. Knowl. Manag., 27, 584-612. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-09-2021-0669.
Gupta, A., Mattarelli, E., Seshasai, S., & Broschak, J(2009). Use of collaborative technologies and knowledge sharing in co-located and distributed teams: Towards the 24-h knowledge factory. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 18(3), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2009.05.002
Heizmann, H(2011). Knowledge sharing in a dispersed network of HR practice: Zooming in on power/knowledge struggles. Management Learning, 42(4), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507610394409
Hellström, T., Malmquist, U., & Mikaelsson, J(2001). Decentralizing knowledge: Managing knowledge work in a software engineering firm. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(00)00037-7- Huuse, H. (2004). Technology transfer at CERN. CERN.
Jacobides, M., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A(2018). Towards a Theory of Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(8), 2255–2276. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904
Jean-Louis, G., & Seixas, A(2024). The value of decentralized clinical trials: Inclusion, accessibility, and innovation. Science, 385. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq4994.
Jiang, Y., & Chen, C(2018). Integrating Knowledge Activities for Team Innovation: Effects of Transformational Leadership. Journal of Management, 44, 1819 - 1847. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316628641.
John H. Humphreys, Helmut Kasper, Jürgen Mühlbacher; Organizational context and knowledge transfer of a high‐tech MNC: A balanced approach to successful European‐Asian cooperation. Chinese Management Studies 13 June 2008; 2 (2): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506140810882270
Kamuriwo, D., & Baden-Fuller, C(2016). Knowledge integration using product R&D outsourcing in biotechnology. Research Policy, 45, 1031-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2016.02.009.
Kamuriwo, D., & Baden-Fuller, C(2016). Knowledge integration using product R&D outsourcing in biotechnology. Research Policy, 45, 1031-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2016.02.009.
Kasper, H., Lehrer, M., Mühlbacher, J., & Müller, B(2009). Integration-responsiveness and knowledge-management perspectives on the MNC: A typology and field study of cross-site knowledge-sharing practices. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(3), 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808326038
Kasper, H., Muehlbacher, J., & Mueller, B(2006). The effects of the degree of decentralization and networks on knowledge sharing in MNCs: Based on 6 empirical cases. Paper presented at the OLKC 2006 Conference, University of Warwick, Coventry.
Kasper, H., Mühlbacher, J., & Müller, B(2008). Intra-organizational knowledge sharing in MNCs depending on the degree of decentralization and communities of practice. Journal of Global Business & Technology, 4(1).
Kassouri, Y(2022). Fiscal decentralization and public budgets for energy RD&D: A race to the bottom?. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112761.
Khan, J., Javed, B., Mubarak, N., Bashir, S., & Jaafar, M(2020). Psychological Empowerment and Project Success: The Role of Knowledge Sharing. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, PP, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.3026093.
Kirkman, D. M(2016). A Distributed Knowledge Approach to Managing Innovation. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 11(1). Retrieved from https://www.articlegateway.com/index.php/JSIS/article/view/809
Kodama, M(2009). Boundaries innovation and knowledge integration in the Japanese firm. Long Range Planning, 42(5-6), 463-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.08.001
Lee NS, Ram J. New product development processes and knowledge transfer in automotive projects: An empirical study. Knowl Process Manag. 2018; 25: 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1589
Lehrer, M., & Kasper, H(2008). Cross-site Knowledge Sharing Patterns in Multinational Corporations: the Disparate Effects of Contingency and Globalization. Journal of Knowledge Globalization.
Leick, B., & Gretzinger, S(2020). Knowledge sharing for business cluster and business network contexts. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 33(3), 1-8.
Liu, H., Luo, Y., Geng, J., & Yao, P(2021). Research Hotspots and Frontiers of Product R&D Management under the Background of the Digital Intelligence Era—Bibliometrics Based on Citespace and Histcite. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP11156759.
Liu, Y., Keller, R., & Bartlett, K(2021). Initiative climate, psychological safety and knowledge sharing as predictors of team creativity: A multilevel study of research and development project teams. Creativity and Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/CAIM.12438.
Luis Garicano, Yanhui Wu(2012). Knowledge, Communication, and Organizational Capabilities. Organization Science 23(5):1382-1397. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0723
Lyu, C., Zhang, F., Ji, J., Teo, T., Wang, T., & Liu, Z(2022). Competitive intensity and new product development outcomes: The roles of knowledge integration and organizational unlearning. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.049.
M. C. Binz-Scharf, "Collaboration, Communication, and Control: The Effects of ICT-Enabled Innovation Projects on Informal Organizational Structures," Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, HI, USA, 2005, pp. 248c-248c, https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2005.146
Malik, A., Froese, F., & Sharma, P(2020). Role of HRM in knowledge integration: Towards a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Research, 109, 524-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2019.01.029.
McCarthy, S., O'Raghallaigh, P., Kelleher, C., & Adam, F(2025). A socio-cognitive perspective of knowledge integration in digital innovation networks. J. Strateg. Inf. Syst., 34, 101871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101871.
Mehta, A(2018). Knowledge Integration and Team Effectiveness: A Team Goal Orientation Approach. Decis. Sci., 49, 445-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12280.
Mermindod, V., & Rowe, F(2012). How does PLM technology support knowledge transfer and translation in new product development? Transparency and boundary spanners in an international context. Information and Organization, 22(4), 295-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2012.07.002
Morosini, P(2004). Industrial clusters, knowledge integration and performance. World Development, 32(2), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2002.12.001
Nguyen, P.N(2020). The effects of cross-functional coordination and competition on knowledge sharing and organisational innovativeness: A qualitative study in a transition economy. Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business. 10 (1) 23-41. Article URL: https://ojs.hh.se/index.php/JISIB/article/view/518
Pan, J., Guo, J. Innovative Collaboration and Acceleration: an Integrated Framework Based on Knowledge Transfer and Triple Helix. J Knowl Econ 13, 3223–3247 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00852-4
Patrucco, P. P(2003). Institutional variety, networking and knowledge exchange: Communication and innovation in the case of the Brianza technological district. Regional Studies, 37(2), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000057497
Pennington, D(2016). A conceptual model for knowledge integration in interdisciplinary teams: orchestrating individual learning and group processes. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 6, 300-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0354-5.
Pinto, H., & Guerreiro, J. A(2019). Resilience, innovation and knowledge transfer: Conceptual considerations and future research directions. In The role of knowledge transfer in open innovation (pp. 281-299). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5849-1.ch014
Prieto-Pastor, I., Pérez, V., & Cruz, N(2018). Social capital, knowledge integration and learning in project-based organizations: a CEO-based study. J. Knowl. Manag., 22, 1803-1825. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2017-0210.
Rabbiosi, L(2011). Subsidiary roles and reverse knowledge transfer: An investigation of the effects of coordination mechanisms. Journal of International Management, 17(2), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2010.10.001
Rana Tassabehji, Jyoti L. Mishra & Carine Dominguez-Péry(2019). Knowledge sharing for innovation performance improvement in micro/SMEs: an insight from the creative sector, Production Planning & Control, 30:10-12, 935-950, DOI: 10.1080/09537287.2019.1582101
Rashid, A., Tout, K., & Yakan, A(2021). The critical human behavior factors and their impact on knowledge management system-cycles. Bus. Process. Manag. J., 27, 1677-1702. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2020-0508.
Ren, S., Sheng, X., Lin, H., & Cao, J(2009). From information commons to knowledge commons: Building a collaborative knowledge sharing environment for innovative communities. Knowledge Sharing Environment, 247. Emerald Insight. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/0264-0473.htm
Rivera-Vazquez, J. C., Ortiz-Fournier, L. V., & Flores, F. R(2009). Overcoming cultural barriers for innovation and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(5), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270910988097
Sanna-Randaccio, F., & Veugelers, R(2007). Multinational knowledge spillovers with decentralised R&D: a game-theoretic approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1057/PALGRAVE.JIBS.8400249.
Sarpong, D., Boakye, D., Ofosu, G., & Botchie, D(2022). The three pointers of research and development (R&D) for growth-boosting sustainable innovation system. Technovation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102581.
Scheuer C-L, Voltan A, Kumanan K, Chakraborty S(………). Exploring the impact of decentralized leadership on knowledge sharing and work hindrance networks in healthcare teams. Journal of Management & Organization. 2023;29(1):139-158. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.37
Schneckenberg, D., Truong, Y., & Mazloomi, H(2015). Microfoundations of innovative capabilities: The leverage of collaborative technologies on organizational learning and knowledge management in a multinational corporation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 100, 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.08.008
Schuhmacher, A., Gassmann, O., & Hinder, M(2016). Changing R&D models in research-based pharmaceutical companies. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0838-4.
Scuotto, V., Beatrice, O., Valentina, C., Nicotra, M., Gioia, L., & Briamonte, M(2020). Uncovering the micro-foundations of knowledge sharing in open innovation partnerships: An intention-based perspective of technology transfer. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119906.
Siachou, E., Trichina, E., Papasolomou, I., & Sakka, G(2021). Why do employees hide their knowledge and what are the consequences? A systematic literature review. Journal of Business Research, 135, 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2021.06.031.
Söderquist, K. E(2006). Organising knowledge management and dissemination in new product development: Lessons from 12 global corporations. Long Range Planning, 39(6), 497–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2006.10.002
Söderquist, K., & Prastacos, G(2011). Knowledge transfer in NPD projects: Lessons from 12 global corporations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241901259_KNOWLEDGE_TRANSFER_IN_NPD_PROJECTS_LESSONS_FROM_12_GLOBAL_CORPORATIONS
Song, W., & Zhao, K(2024). Navigating the innovation policy dilemma: How subnational governments balance expenditure competition pressures and long-term innovation goals. Heliyon, 10, e34787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34787
Strambach, S., & Klement, B(2012). Cumulative and Combinatorial Micro-dynamics of Knowledge: The Role of Space and Place in Knowledge Integration. European Planning Studies, 20(11), 1843–1866. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.723424
Suurmond, R., Wynstra, F., & Dul, J(2020). Unraveling the Dimensions of Supplier Involvement and their Effects on NPD Performance: A Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Supply Chain Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12221.
Swan, J(2014). "Knowledge Management in Action: Integrating Knowledge across Communities," in 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, Hawaii, 2001, pp. 7017, https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2001.927048
Tagliaventi, M. R., Bertolotti, F., & Macrì, D. M(2010). A perspective on practice in interunit knowledge sharing. European Management Journal, 28(4), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.04.001
Teirlinck, P(2017). Configurations of strategic R&D decisions and financial performance in small-sized and medium-sized firms. Journal of Business Research, 74, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2017.01.008.
Van Baalen, P., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J., & Van Heck, E(2005). Knowledge sharing in an emerging network of practice: The role of a knowledge portal. European Management Journal, 23(3), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2005.04.008
Vendrell‐Herrero, F., Bustinza, O., & Opazo-Basáez, M(2020). Information technologies and product-service innovation: The moderating role of service R&D team structure. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.047.
von Zedtwitz, M. J(2019, July). Communication and knowledge flows in transnational R&D projects. In Managing Innovation in a Global and Digital World: Meeting Societal Challenges and Enhancing Competitiveness (pp. 227-251). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
von Zedtwitz, M., Gassmann, O., & Boutellier, R(2004). Organizing global R&D: Challenges and dilemmas. Journal of International Management, 10(1), 21-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2003.12.003
Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Jiakui, C., Zhang, X., & He, C(2022). Can inter-organizational knowledge-sharing improve enterprise innovation performance? The mediator effect of innovation capability and the moderator effect of network characteristics. Frontiers in Communication, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.856301
Wang, M., Chen, P., & Fang, S(2018). A critical view of knowledge networks and innovation performance: The mediation role of firms' knowledge integration capability. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2018.03.034.
Wang, M., Chen, P., & Fang, S(2018). A critical view of knowledge networks and innovation performance: The mediation role of firms' knowledge integration capability. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2018.03.034.
Wen, Q., & Qiang, M(2016). Coordination and Knowledge Sharing in Construction Project-Based Organization: A Longitudinal Structural Equation Model Analysis. Automation in Construction, 72, 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUTCON.2016.06.002.
Willem, A., Buelens, M., & Scarbrough, H(2006). The role of inter-unit coordination mechanisms in knowledge sharing: A case study of a British MNC. Journal of Information Science, 32(6), 539-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506067128
Wissal Ben Arfi, Rickard Enström, Jean Michel Sahut, Lubica Hikkerova(2019). "The significance of knowledge sharing platforms for open innovation success: A tale of two companies in the dairy industry", Journal of Organizational Change Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2018-0256
Xie, Z., Hall, J., McCarthy, I. P., Skitmore, M., & Shen, L(2016). Standardization efforts: The relationship between knowledge dimensions, search processes and innovation outcomes. Technovation, 48–49, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2015.12.002
XuJing Bai & JiaJun Li(2020). The best configuration of collaborative knowledge innovation management from the perspective of artificial intelligence, Knowledge Management Research & Practice, DOI: 10.1080/14778238.2020.1834886
Yamamoto, A., Iida, T., Naruki, T., Katagiri, A., Koike, Y., Shimogauchi, R., ... & Ito, O(2025). Dynamic knowledge integration in multi-agent systems for content inference. In Towards Agentic AI for Science: Hypothesis Generation, Comprehension, Quantification, and Validation.
Yu, Y., Hao, J.-X., Dong, X.-Y., & Khalifa, M(2013). A multilevel model for effects of social capital and knowledge sharing in knowledge-intensive work teams. International Journal of Information Management, 33(5), 780-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.05.005
Zareravasan, A., Krčál, M., & Ashrafi, A(2020, September). The implications of blockchain for knowledge sharing. In Proceedings of the International Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics (IFKAD 2020), Matera, Italy (pp. 9-11).

  • Receive Date 18 August 2025
  • Revise Date 02 November 2025
  • Accept Date 15 November 2025