Regulatory independence is a fundamental pillar of effective governance; however, its realization within Iran’s political and institutional framework faces a range of challenges. This study aims to identify the enabling and constraining factors affecting the independence of Iran’s telecommunications regulatory authority, employing a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques.

The findings indicate that regulatory independence in Iran is relative and multidimensional, influenced by a combination of legal, institutional, political, and cultural factors. Enabling factors include certain institutional characteristics and legal infrastructures, the utilization of international experiences, and the need to attract investment. Conversely, the main barriers to independence comprise weaknesses in legal, institutional, economic, and political infrastructures; limited regulatory knowledge and culture; deficiencies in certain institutional features; an inadequate structural position of the regulator; restricted regulatory tools; asymmetries in regulator–regulated relationships; and social and security pressures on regulatory decisions.

Accordingly, the study suggests that strengthening the independence of the telecommunications regulator requires a gradual, multi-level approach. Key reform areas include clarifying and amending legal frameworks and enhancing the regulator’s legal standing; redesigning the structure and composition of the regulatory commission to reduce institutional dependencies and increase the participation of non-governmental stakeholders; and institutionalizing the concept of regulatory independence within the government apparatus and public decision-making system.