طراحی الگویی برای ارزیابی رهبری مبتنی بر نظریه پیچیدگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 هیئت علمی دانشگاه

2 عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه

چکیده

عصر حاضر به عنوان عصر دانش و اطلاعات، با ویژگیهایی مثل افزایش رقابت و پیچیدگی همراه است. سازمانهای عصر دانش بنیان، ناگزیر شده اند تا رویکردهای مشارکت و شبکه سازی را در پیش بگیرند. رویکرد شبکه سازی، باعث ظهور مسائل جدیدی برای سازمانها شده است که مواجهه با آنها، منوط به بازنگری در پیش فرضهای قبلی علوم مدیریت، رهبری و سازماندهی است. در این مقاله تلاش می شود تا با نگاهی تحلیلی به این موضوع پرداخته شود و مدلی جهت ارزیابی رهبری مبتنی بر نظریه پیچیدگی ارائه گردد. برای ساخت مدل، فرض شد که هدف اولیه سازمان پیچیده، افزایش قابلیت انطباق و سرعت واکنش برای کسب نتایج نهایی است. در این راستا، نظریه های اصلی مفسر شبکه، یعنی نظریه پیچیدگی و نظریه رهبری پیچیدگی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. برای تبیین سازماندهی در شبکه، از مفهوم فراساختار و برای تشریح فرایندهای اصلی در شبکه از فرایندهای اصلی نبرد شبکه مدار استفاده گردید. جمع بندی نهایی و یکپارچه کردن اجزای مدل با استفاده ازرویکرد تعالی سازمانی انجام شد. در نهایت یک مدل مفهومی، آزمون پذیر و عملیاتی برای ارزیابی رهبری مبتنی بر پیچیدگی ارائه گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Designing a Model for Leadership Evaluation Based on Complexity Theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Afshar Bazyar 1
  • Mehdi Fesharaki 2
1
2
چکیده [English]

The current age is characterized by competitiveness and complexity as the age of knowledge and information. Knowledge age organizations inevitably take collaborating and networking approaches. Networking approaches have raised new issues in organizations, and to confront these issues requires revisiting the presumptions of management, leadership, and organization sciences. The main purpose of this study is to investigate these issues analytically and to present a model for leadership evaluation based on the complexity theory. In order to build the model, it is supposed that the primary aim of a complex organization is to enhance the adaptability and response speed to achieve the results. For this purpose of the study, the main networks interpreting theories — i.e. complexity theory and complexity leadership theory — are used. The concept of super-structure is used to explain organizing in network and the main processes of the net centric warfare is used to explain the main process of network. In order to conclude and integrate the ingredients of the model, organizational excellence approach is utilized. Finally, a conceptual, testable, and operational model is introduced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • complexity
  • leadership
  • network
[1]  Heckscher, C. “Defining the post-bureaucratic type” The post-bureaucratic organization: New perspectives on organizational change. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
[2] Manville, B. and Ober, J. ” Beyond empowerment: Building a company of citizens”  Harvard Business Review, pp.48−53, 2003.
[3]  Halal, W. E. and Taylor, K. B. “Twenty-first century economics: Perspectives of socioeconomics for a changing world” New York: Macmillan, 1999.
[4] Bamford, J.D. Gomes-Casseres, B. and Robinson, M.S. “Mastering alliance strategy” San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass, 2002.
[5] Drucker, P. F. “Management challenges for the 21st century” New York: HarperCollins, 1999.
[6]  Prusak, L. “The knowledge advantage” Strategy and Leadership, 24, pp.6−8, 1996.
[7] McKelvey, B. “Energizing order-creating networks of distributed intelligence” International Journal of Innovation Management, 5, pp.181−212, 2001.
[8] Boisot, M. H. “Knowledge assets: Securing competitive advantage in the information economy” Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[9] Miles, R. E. “The spherical network organization”  The infinite resource: Creating and leading the knowledge enterprise , pp. 111−121, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
[10] McKelvey, B. Marion, R. and Uhl-Bien, M. “A simple-rule approach to CEO leadership in the 21st century” The University of Lecce Conference on New Approaches to Strategic Management, Italy: Ostuni, 2003.
[11] Uhl-Bien, M. Marion, R. McKelvey, B. “Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era” The Leadership Quarterly, 18, pp.298–318, 2007.
[12] Prigogine, I. “The end of certainty” New York: The Free Press, 1997.
[13] Auger, P.M. “Self-organization in hierarchically organized systems” Systems Research, 4, pp. 221–236, 1990.
[14]Davenport, T. H. ”Knowledge work and the future of management” The future of leadership: Today's top leadership thinkers speak to tomorrow's leaders, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 41−58, 2001.
[15] Heide, J.B. and John, G. “Do norms matter in marketing relationships?” Journal of Marketing, 56, pp.32–44, 1992.
[16] Heifetz, R. A. ”Leadership without easy answers” Cambridge Harvard University press, 1994.
[17] Heifetz, R. A. and Laurie, D. L. “The work of leadership” Harvard Business Review, 79(11), pp.131−141, 2001.
[18]Giddens, A. “The Constitution of Society” Cambridge, Polity Press, 1984.
[19] Lewicki, R.J. and Bunker, B.B. “Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships” Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.
[20] Bews, N. and Martins, N. “An evaluation of the facilitators of trustworthiness” South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28 (4), pp.21-28, 2002.
[21] Shapiro, D. L. Sheppard, B.H. and Cheraskin, L. “Business on a handshake” Negotiation Journal, 8, pp.365–377, 1992.
[22] Currall, S. C. and Epstein, M. J. “The fragility of organizational trust: Lessons from the rise and fall of Enron”Organizational Dynamics, 32, pp.193–206, 2003.
[23] Cebrowski A. K. Garstka J. “Network-Centric Warfare: Its Origin and Future” United States Armed Forces, 1998.
[24] Cebrowski A. K.” The Implementation of Network-Centric Warfare” Office of Force Transformation Office of the Secretary of Defense, United States Army, 2003.
[25]wacker, J.G.,. A definition of theory: research guidelines for differentheory-building research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 16: 361–385. (1998)
[26] McKelvey, B. and Boisot, M. H. “Transcendental organizational foresight in nonlinear contexts”  The INSEAD Conference on Expanding Perspectives on Strategy Processes, Fontainebleau, France, 2003.
[27] Eng, T-Y. “An investigation into the mediating role of cross-functional coordination on the linkage between organizational norms and SCM performance” Industrial Marketing Management, 35, pp.762 – 773, 2006. 
[28] Rindfleisch, Aric. ”Organizational Trust and Interfirm Cooperation: An Examination of Horizontalversus Vertical Alliances” Marketing Letters, 11 (1), pp.81-95, 2000.
[29] Kumar, N. Sheer, L.K. and Steenkamp, J.E.M. “The effects of perceived interdependence on dealer attitudes” Journal of Marketing Research, 32, pp.348–356, 1995.
[30] Bstieler, L.” Trust Formation in Collaborative New Product Development” Journal of product innovation management, 23, pp.56–72, 2006.